Question 1: Galatians – Why does Paul think
circumcision is bad for the Galatians?
According to
Paul in the letter to Galatians, circumcision is not be concerned as a surgical procedure that removes the
foreskin of a male penis which is practiced by many cultures for cosmetic or
linked to health concern or sacred
tradition as ‘the sign of the covenant’[1]. He
concerned it is bad for the Galatians.
Paul was very
angry and shown his emotion in the letter to Galatians. He addressed them ‘you foolish Galatians’ and wondered ‘who put spell on you’? (Gal 3:1). He
said that because the Galatians had received Gospel via his preaching and
experienced Jesus Christ through crucifixion. This is very special gift for
early Christian because they encounter Jesus Christ by receiving the Spirit in
exterior signs[2]. Paul also mentioned Spirit which Galatian
received (Gal 3:2), began with (Gal 3:3) and God have given (Gal 3:4) in his
letter to remind them the important point in his teaching that Gospel is of
divine origin and of faith (Gal 1:11 – 2:21). Therefore, people who think that
they received the Spirit or God gave the Spirit by doing the works of the law (Gal 3:2. 5), and trying to finish by human effort (Gal 3:3) are foolish. They refuse
God’s Grace via Gospel and accept deeds of human being by practicing Jewish
Tradition, which circumcision is its climax. For Paul, Gentiles (Galatians) who
do circumcision are foolish and betray him when they forget his teaching and
follow his enemies.
Paul want to
mention his enemies as witches who use witchcraft or do some kind of magic.
They had ‘cast a spell’ on Galatians. He did not mention clearly who they are
but in circumstances of the letters the
readers will understand them as the later missionaries who try to teach
Gentiles to practise the law, especially circumcision. They pretend to be kind
people with bad intention (Gal 4:17). They stop people who are run to God (Gal
5:7). They are focusing on exterior and forget interior which following Jesus
Christ and be persecuted (Gal 6:11-12). They want the Galatians to leave the
grace of God and the gospel of Jesus Christ. They are bad people, evil and
should be called ‘enemies’.
Circumcision
is not bad in itself but it is very bad for Gentiles because it draw people
attention to exterior practising and forget God’s grace in the death and
resurrection of Jesus Christ as his certain teaching. ‘The enemies’ use it as a
sharp tool to cut the relationship between the Galatians and Paul, the Gentiles
and God’s Grace in the Gospel of Jesus Christ. We can be addressed ‘foolish
people’ if you so proud of our works in secular world and forget that
everything is grace of God and we should do God’s Works not our works.
Question 2: Romans – How is Jesus like Adam, but
also how is he different? How does Paul explain this in the letter to the
Romans?
In term of
Justification, Paul used special image of Jesus as new Adam. Therefore, Jesus
is similar with Adam but there are some difference between them.
Jesus and
Adam have special roles in history of salvation. Adam was known as the first
human being and the ancestor of all human. The history of human was opened
through him. Jesus is the first human raised up from the death and open the
gate of the Kingdom of God. According to Paul in the letter to the Romans, sin entered the world through Adam and death through sin (Rom 5, 12). Jesus won
over sin, free people from sin and deliver them out of the death. If Adam is ‘the type of the one who was to come’ (Rom
5:14), Jesus will be the one. Adam is an
image of transgression, and death. Jesus is present of grace, and life.
Jesus and
Adam is different in term of transgression and grace. When Adam transgressed or
disobeyed God and got the bad result is death. Moreover, everybody who is in
line after Adam are under control of death even they did not sin as Adam. This
is the view of one man can be view as all community members. Jesus, in
contrast, obey God’s Will, do God’s Works even accept the death and died on the
cross. Who believe in Jesus has internal life. There is nonsense to compare
between transgression and grace because gracious
gift is not like the transgression (Gal 5:15). Grace is the biggest gift of
God via Jesus Christ. When transgression lead to condemnation, grace lead to
justification. In Grace, everybody who is sinner and died in transgression can
become righteousness, be risen up and live again in Jesus. Gift of grace can
cover all transgression.
Paul also
mentioned the sin in relation with law, it was in the world in very beginning
and before the law was given. The law seem to be the reason for sin be
accounted (Rom 5, 13). It also the reason for increasing the transgression (Rom
5, 20). In simple understanding, we do not know we do right or wrong without a
standard. Law serve as a standard for people in Old Testament know they
transgressed again God. However, it cannot serve anymore in grace of God via
Jesus Christ.
For Paul, he
do not focus on final judgement or sinner who is far away from God but the
justification. For he experienced it in the grace of God and have positive
thinking about happiness of human being in God’s grace. Who try to deny or stop
people going to grace is live far away God.
So he focus on Jesus Christ who bring the grace of God to human and
mentioned Adam as a background or ‘a type’ of the saviour. Everybody who
believe in Jesus Christ is justified by God’s grace. It is the result of the
death and resurrection of our Lord, Jesus Christ.
Question 3: Paul’s Biography – How does Paul
interpret his encounter with the risen Jesus?
In the Acts
of the Apostles, the evangelist wrote ‘Paul’s conversion’ in three different
passages (Acts 9:3; 22:26; 26:12). In comparison of three of them, we may get
the result that we should recognize this event as Paul’s calling or the Call of
Paul because he received the invitation directly from God, Jesus Christ as a vocation
of the prophet. His mission is for Gentiles and he is a real apostle by the
fruit of his preaching as communities of faithful people. In Paul’s letters, he
also talk about his own vocation.
In the first
letter to Corinthians 9:1, Paul ask the receiver or reader some ‘Yes/No
questions’ to clarify his vocation. It seem to be someone do not believed in
Paul and doubt about him. However, Paul want to mention that he are free to
answer God’s invitation and he is an apostle because he had encountered Jesus
and his succession is God’s work as evidence for his mission. The fruit come
out from his works in God is the best evidence for his apostolic office.
Paul, in the
first letter to Corinthians 15:8-10, remind people that he had not really good
life in term of Christian before encountering God and he is not worthy to be
call apostle. However, the grace of God is over everything else. By
experiencing it, Paul had make U-turn to worked harder and be humble to
acknowledge every deeds is God’s Grace which is within him. With grace,
everything is possible, even turn an executer to the protector.
Paul also
mentioned the grace of God via God’s son, Jesus Christ in the letter Galatians 1:15-16.
He is the chosen once such as prophets in the Old Testament had been set apart before they were born. He was
called through God’s grace in special way of revelation. Because he is like the
Twelve which well known as very first ‘Apostles’ who encounter with Jesus in
their own eyes and they received the revelation directly from Jesus, the only
son God. Moreover, Paul received the call to proclaim Jesus Christ among the
Gentiles as his special mission. He confirm that his call is also directly from
God and nothing confer with any human
being.
In term of
law, he make clear that he is a righteousness because of faith in Christ and
nothing come from the law. He indirectly mention he was a very good Jew who try
to keep the Law and protect the Tradition which he used to think that he will
gain the righteousness through it. However, he change his mind to trust in
God’s grace only and he did not worry to call everything else is rubbish. For
him, knowing Christ Jesus is the surpassing value so the righteousness is from
God based on faith. He only once desire is knowing Christ himself. He love to
be like Jesus in the suffering of the Passion until death and be risen again in
the Resurrection.
Paul was
called directly from God to become an Apostle for Gentiles. His entire life
after encountering Jesus Christ is proclaiming the Grace of God through the
Death and Resurrection.


